Experimentell fand man:

wenn Temperatur konstant.
Wobei P :: Druck, V :: Volumen.
Das Modell für ideale Gase:
Wobei N :: Teilchenanzahl,
, T :: Temperatur [K].
Später dann:
Wobei n :: Molmenge,
,
.
Arten der Prozesse
Um mit der Gleichung etwas anfangen zu können, sollte eine der Größen konstant gehalten werden.
Isobare Prozesse
Der Druck wird konstant gehalten.
Isochore Prozesse
Das Volumen wird konstant gehalten.
Isotherme Prozesse
Die Temperatur wird konstant gehalten.
Isentropische (Adiabatische) Prozesse
Die Entropie S wird konstant gehalten.

.
Where Ω :: Anzahl_möglicher_Zustände.

.
... wobei
.
... wobei f :: Anzahl_Freiheitsgrade.
Thermische Energie
Die thermische Energie eines Stoffes
ist definiert als:

Thermische Energie.
Wobei m :: Masse, c :: spezifische_Wärmekapazität, T :: absolute_Temperatur.
Wärme fließt immer vom wärmeren zum kälteren Körper.
Brennstoffe und deren Energie:
| Brennstoff | Wärmeenergie [MJ/kg] |
| Holz | 15 |
| Braunkohle | 16 |
| Stadtgas | 20 |
| Spiritus | 25 |
| Koks | 30 |
| Steinkohle | 32 |
| Erdgas | 35 |
| Heizöl | 40 |
| Benzin | 45 |
| Propangas | 46 |
Definitions
A thermostatic system is in contact with its environment.
Depending on the kinds of interactions of the system with the environment, we distinguish:
- Isolated System: There is no exchange at all. Particle count is conserved. Energy is conserved.
- Closed System: There is only energy exchange. Particle count is conserved.
- Open System: There is energy and particle exchange.
Each of these systems usually has a Volume associated with it.
Temperature can only be determined in non-isolated systems (i.e. by contact with the system, duh).
Classifications of State Variables
A state variable that is additive when combining two systems is called extensive variable.
A state variable that is unchanged when combining two systems is called intensive variable.
| extensive | intensive |
| Entropy S | Temperature T |
| Volume V | Pressure p |
| Particle count N | Chemical reactibility μ |
| Potentials | |
Equilibrium
A system will undergo spontaneous changes until an equilibrium is reached. These changes then are irreversible.
To create a process that is reversible, change very very slowly in order for the system to reach its new equilibrium after each change before the next change is effected.
Process kinds
The following process kinds are important in practise:
- isothermal: T=const
- isobaric: p=const
- isochoral: V=const
- adiabatic: Q=const
- isentropic: S=const
Author:
Danny (remove the ".nospam" to send)
Last modification on: Wed, 15 Jul 2026
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